ABSTRACT
This study was conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Nepal from January 2001 to March 2002. The prevalence of bacterial meningitis, its causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns were studied in cerebrospinal fluid of 448 suspected cases. The prevalence of acute bacterial meningitis was 8.3%. There was no significant association (p > 0.05) of the disease with gender (X2 = 0.0234) and among different age groups (X2 = 6.07875) studied. The causative bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.2%), coagulase negative staphylococci (10.8%), Escherichia coli (10.8%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (8.2%), Neisseria meningitidis (5.4%), Acinetobacter spp. (5.4%) and Aeromoanas spp. (2.7%). Imipenem was the most effective antibiotic, however, 11.1% of P. aeruginosa, 25.0% of E. coli and 50.0% of Acinetobacter spp. were resistant to the drug.
Subject(s)
Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cerebrospinal Fluid/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Imipenem/therapeutic use , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Pilot Projects , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effectsABSTRACT
An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibody (MAb) originated from the native Thai isolates of P. vivax (McPV1) and the polyclonal antibody (PAb) raised against Nepali isolates of P. vivax was developed for detection of P vivax antigens in red cell lysates. The assay was specific (100%) since it was positive only with P. vivax-infected erythrocytes and was negative when erythrocytes from 40 healthy individuals from malaria non-endemic areas and 40 P. falciparum infected erythrocytes were tested. When the assay was applied to 203 vivax blood samples already proven by microscopic examination collected from Dhanusha district of Nepal, and using the cut-off level of the mean optical density (OD) (0.144) of 40 healthy individuals who had been living in malaria-endemic areas (0.073) + 2 SD (0.016), the assay could detect 189/203 samples, indicating the sensitivity of the test was 93.1% with a detection limit of erythrocytes of 240 parasites/10(6) erythrocytes. In addition, the assay was negative when 40 blood samples with fever of unknown origin, collected from the same malaria-endemic areas, were tested. However, there was a significant correlation between OD values and parasitemia (r=0.649; p=0.018). The results indicate that MAb-PAb indirect ELISA using MAb raised against Thai isolates of P. vivax as the coating antibodies, and polyclonal antibodies raised against local Nepali isolates as the detecting antibody, could detect P. vivax antigens with high degrees of sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, it seems that the McPV1 MAb raised against Thai isolates of P. vivax could recognize the antigens of Nepali isolates in a wide range of blood samples.